Pakistan Education

1. Primary Education (Grades 1–5) – Starts at age 5, focusing on basic subjects like Urdu, English, Mathematics, and Islamic Studies (or Ethics for non-Muslims).
2. Middle Education (Grades 6–8) – Continues with core subjects and introduces additional sciences and social studies.
3. Secondary Education (Grades 9–10) – Leads to the Secondary School Certificate (SSC or Matric). Subjects are divided into Science and Arts streams.
4. Higher Secondary Education (Grades 11–12) – Results in the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSSC or Intermediate), with streams like Pre-Medical, Pre-Engineering, Commerce, and Humanities.
5. Tertiary Education (University Level) – Includes bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in various disciplines.

Key Features and Challenges:

• Multiple Education Systems: Public schools, private schools, madrassas, and elite English-medium institutions offer different curricula, leading to disparities in learning quality.
• Examination Boards: Students follow provincial boards (BISEs), the Federal Board (FBISE), or international systems like Cambridge (O-Level/A-Level) and IB.
• Higher Education: Governed by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), with universities offering local and international degrees.
• Challenges: Low literacy rates, outdated curricula, lack of infrastructure, and gender disparity, especially in rural areas.
• Recent Reforms: The Single National Curriculum (SNC) aims to standardize education across different systems to reduce inequality.

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